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Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ inhibits osteoprotegerin gene expression in human aortic smooth muscle cells. Osteoprotegerin, a crucial regulator of bone metabolism, also regulates B cell development and function.

22 Yun TJ, Tallquist MD, Aicher A, et al.PDGF induces osteoprotegerin expression in vascular smooth muscle cells by multiple signal pathways. Osteoprotegerin inhibits artery calcification induced by warfarin and by vitamin D. 20 Price PA, June HH, Buckley JR, et al.Osteoprotegerin reverses osteoporosis by inhibiting endosteal osteoclasts and prevents vascular calcification by blocking a process resembling osteoclastogenesis. Osteo/chondrocytic transcription factors and their target genes exhibit distinct patterns of expression in human arterial calcification. 18 Tyson KL, Reynolds JL, McNair R, et al.Differential expression of bone matrix regulatory proteins in human atherosclerotic plaques. 17 Dhore CR, Cleutjens JPM, Lutgens E, et al.Recent advances in multifactorial regulation of vascular calcification. Osteoprotegerin is an α vβ 3-induced NF-κB-dependent survival factor for endothelial cells. 15 Malyankar UM, Scatena M, Suchland KL, et al.

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Effects of immunosuppressants on receptor activator of NF-κB ligand and osteoprotegerin production by human osteoblastic and coronary artery smooth muscle cells. 14 Hofbauer LC, Shui C, Riggs BL, et al.RANK ligand and osteoprotegerin: paracrine regulators of bone metabolism and vascular function. 13 Schoppet M, Preissner KT, Hofbauer LC.Osteoprotegerin-deficient mice develop early onset osteoporosis and arterial calcification. 12 Bucay N, Sarosi I, Dunstan CR, et al.The natural course of atherosclerosis, part I: incidence and progression.

Osteoprotegerin: a link between osteoporosis and arterial calcification? Lancet. Increased osteoprotegerin serum levels in men with coronary artery disease.

9 Schoppet M, Sattler AM, Schaefer JR, et al.

Serum osteoprotegerin levels are associated with the presence and severity of coronary artery disease. Associations of serum osteoprotegerin levels with diabetes, stroke, bone density, fractures, and mortality in elderly women. Osteoprotegerin is a receptor for the cytotoxic ligand TRAIL.

6 Emery JG, McDonnell P, Burke MB, et al.

Osteoprotegerin: a novel secreted protein involved in the regulation of bone density.

5 Simonet WS, Lacey DL, Dunstan CR, et al.

Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphisms and atherogenesis.

4 Kiechl S, Lorenz E, Reindl M, et al.

Body iron stores and the risk of carotid atherosclerosis: prospective results from the Bruneck study.

3 Kiechl S, Willeit J, Egger G, et al.

Chronic infections and the risk of carotid atherosclerosis: prospective results from a large population study. Innate and acquired immunity in atherogenesis.

1 Binder CJ, Chang MK, Shaw PX, et al.

Furthermore, a high level of osteoprotegerin was an independent risk factor for incident cardiovascular disease (adjusted relative risk for the top versus bottom tertile group for osteoprotegerin 2.2 P=0.001) and vascular mortality (adjusted relative risk for the top versus bottom tertile group for osteoprotegerin 3.1 P=0.010) but not for mortality due to nonvascular causes.Ĭonclusions- Osteoprotegerin is an independent risk factor for the progression of atherosclerosis and onset of cardiovascular disease. In multivariate analyses, osteoprotegerin was significantly related to severity and 10-year progression of carotid atherosclerosis. Serum osteoprotegerin showed a strong association with numerous vascular risk factors, including age, diabetes, markers of systemic inflammation, chronic infection, and smoking. Osteoprotegerin levels were measured in samples obtained at baseline and during follow-up. Cases of incident cardiovascular disease and vascular mortality were carefully recorded over a 10-year period (1990 to 2000). Methods and Results- As part of the prospective, population-based Bruneck Study, severity, initiation, and progression of atherosclerosis were assessed in carotid arteries. Recent experimental research has implicated osteoprotegerin in atherogenesis, but epidemiological confirmation of this concept is sparse.

Customer Service and Ordering Informationīackground- Osteoprotegerin is a novel member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily and a soluble decoy receptor of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand.

Stroke: Vascular and Interventional Neurology.

Journal of the American Heart Association (JAHA).

Circ: Cardiovascular Quality & Outcomes.

Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology (ATVB).

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